It appears to be easier to do part b) first and then use it to produce answers for part a).
Part b)
Projectors for the four Bell states are easily derived from the states definitions as
(1)
\begin{align} P_{\Phi^+} = \frac{1}{2} \big( \ket{00}\bra{00} + \ket {11}\bra{00} + \ket{00}\bra{11} + \ket{11}\bra{11} \big) \end{align}
(2)
\begin{align} P_{\Phi^-} = \frac{1}{2} \big( \ket{00}\bra{00} - \ket {11}\bra{00} - \ket{00}\bra{11} + \ket{11}\bra{11} \big) \end{align}
(3)
\begin{align} P_{\Psi^+} = \frac{1}{2} \big( \ket{01}\bra{01} + \ket {10}\bra{01} + \ket{01}\bra{10} + \ket{10}\bra{10} \big) \end{align}
(4)
\begin{align} P_{\Psi^-} = \frac{1}{2} \big( \ket{01}\bra{01} - \ket {10}\bra{01} - \ket{01}\bra{10} + \ket{10}\bra{10} \big) \end{align}
Choosing eigenvalues 1, -1, 2 and 2, we could write the measurement operator as a neat
(5)
\begin{align} M = \ket{11}\bra{00} + \ket{00}\bra{11} + 2 \ket{10}\bra{01} + 2 \ket{01}\bra{10} \end{align}
however it's not directly useful for our needs here.
Considering the four projectors applied to a general state
$\ket{\psi} = a\ket{00} + b\ket{01} + c\ket{10} + d\ket{11}$
we get
(6)
\begin{align} P_{\Phi^+} \ket{\psi} = \frac{a + d}{2} \big( \ket{00} + \ket{11} \big) \end{align}
(7)
\begin{align} P_{\Phi^-} \ket{\psi} = \frac{a - d}{2} \big( \ket{00} - \ket{11} \big) \end{align}
(8)
\begin{align} P_{\Psi^+} \ket{\psi} = \frac{b + c}{2} \big( \ket{01} + \ket{10} \big) \end{align}
(9)
\begin{align} P_{\Psi^-} \ket{\psi} = \frac{b - c}{2} \big( \ket{01} - \ket{10} \big) \end{align}
(note that these are not normalized) and their probabilities
(10)
\begin{align} \bra{\psi} P_{\Phi^+} \ket{\psi} = \frac{(a + d)^2}{2} \end{align}
(11)
\begin{align} \bra{\psi} P_{\Phi^-} \ket{\psi} = \frac{(a - d)^2}{2} \end{align}
(12)
\begin{align} \bra{\psi} P_{\Psi^+} \ket{\psi} = \frac{(b + c)^2}{2} \end{align}
(13)
\begin{align} \bra{\psi} P_{\Psi^-} \ket{\psi} = \frac{(b - c)^2}{2} \end{align}
Part a)
For $\ket{\psi} = \ket{00}$, substituting $a=1$ and all other parameters 0 in the above (and not forgetting to normalize), we get the outcomes
$\ket{s_1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \big( \ket{00} + \ket{11} \big) = \ket{\Phi^+}$
and
$\ket{s_2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \big( \ket{00} - \ket{11} \big) = \ket{\Phi^-}$,
each with probability $\frac{1}{2}$.
Analogously, measurement outcomes for $\ket{01}$ are $\ket{\Psi^+}$ and $\ket{\Psi^-}$, the outcomes for $\ket{10}$ are $\ket{\Psi^+}$ and $-\ket{\Psi^-}$, and the outcomes for $\ket{11}$ are $\ket{\Phi^+}$ and $-\ket{\Phi^-}$, all with probability $\frac{1}{2}$.